Reflection at plane surfaces, reflection at curved surfaces, refraction at plane surface file type. The william and flora hewlett foundation makes grants to address the most serious social and environmental problems facing society, where risk capital, responsibly invested, may make a difference over time. The wave packet picture of photons introduced in section 5 of chapter 19 is compatible with treating light as a collection of particlelike photons that follow the rules of geometric optics only as long as the. It deals with lenses, mirrors, phenomenon of total internal reflection, formation of rainbows, etc etc. The word physical means that it is more physical than geometric or ray optics and not that it is an. Basics of optics, laws of reflection and refraction, reflection from spherical mirrors. It explained the laws of reflection and refraction of light at an interface. Note that the observed laws of geometric optics follow from the assumption that light is a wave.
What is the difference between physical optics and geometric. In this case, the wavelike properties of light become insignificant as the objects we deal with are very huge as compared to the wavelength of light. In fact, optical systems geometric or wave have an even richer symmetry structure than mechanical ones classical or quantum. Superposition of waves, interference, optical interferometry pdf 1.
In geometric optics, the following statements are true for real and virtual images. Chapters five to seven deal with wave phenomenon of light interference, diffraction and polarization. Geometrical optics will help you understand the basics of light reflection and refraction and the use of simple optical elements such as mirrors, prisms, lenses. Bungy jumping is an increasingly popular sport, with a growing clientele of. Optics describe the light propagation in terms of light ray.
Nasa goddard photo and video, via flickr light from this page or screen is formed into an image by the lens of your eye, much as the lens of the camera that made this photograph. The direction of propagation is perpendicular to the wavefronts or wave crests and is represented by an arrow like a ray. Topics covered include electric fields, gauss law, electric potential, capacitance, electric current, magnetism, magnetic induction, inductance, electromagnetic waves, geometric optics, paraxial optics, and wave optics. But they have not presented complete understanding of image formation. Nature of light, geometrical optics, optical instrumentation, dispersion, prisms, and aberrations, wave equations, em.
Lab manual lenses virtual lab using phet geometric optics irina golub january 30, 2017 read. Longer responses in physics, especially where the students have to draw on multiple disciplines, need a good structure. Light waves can be bent and reflected to form new and sometimes altered images. But, in physical optics, we consider the wave like. Eikonal equations, gradient index lenses, hamiltonian optics pdf 11.
Oct 15, 2018 how is the geometric optics approximation exactly defined. Optics notes topics in these notes are wave properties polarization focal lengths geometrical optics i. Ray optics is based on rectilinear propagation of light, and deals with mirrors, lenses, reflection, refraction, etc. Read and download ebook geometric optics phet lab answer key pdf at public ebook library geometric optics phet lab answer key pdf download. The perimeter institute, the institute for theoretical physics, based in toronto canada has some excellent teacher resources, not only for senior years but junior years as well. Read and download ebook phet lab wave sring answerd pdf at public ebook library phet lab wave sring answerd pdf downlo. It is an experimental fact that light propagates as mutually perpendicular fluctuating electric and magnetic fields according to the mechanism of propogation of transeverse waves. Geometric and wave optics are two different ways of looking at the phenomenon of light propogation. Light field microscopy is a new technique for highspeed volumetric imaging of weakly scattering or fluorescent specimens.
As the wave propagates, let us assume in the positive x direction, any point on the wave pattern is displaced by dx in a time dt see figure 1. Nature of light, geometrical optics, optical instrumentation, dispersion, prisms, and aberrations, wave equations, em waves, polarization, fresnel equations, production of polarized light, superposition of waves interference of light, coherence, fraunhofer diffraction, fourier optics, characteristics. In physics, physical optics, or wave optics, is the branch of optics that studies interference, diffraction, polarization, and other phenomena for which the ray approximation of geometric optics. Mathematica will read the following if you ask it to open a text file. Cant seem to reconcile geometric optics and wave optics. They claimed that there is a disagreement between wave optics and geometrical optics concerning the position of double. There are problems in which light must be treated as a wave with interference effects. Optics notes massachusetts institute of technology. In our discussions of geometric optics we completely ignored the fact that light can also behave as an electromagnetic wave. Wave properties in general there are two types of waves. Mar, 2019 download principles of geometric optics university of california.
View lab report lenses virtual lab geometric optics. The ray aspect of light list the ways by which light travels from a source to another location. Basically the wave function for the light consists of all possible paths but all, except the one corresponding to the classical path, destructively interfere owing to variations in the phase over the different paths. Longitudal waves are those in which the displacement of the mediumor eld is in the direction of the wave. I cant seem to grasp why either a low or high wavelength limit would be necessary. Geometrical optics and physical optics african virtual university. Because light is a wave, the superposition principle is valid to determine the constructive and destructive interferences for light waves. Models for light propagation a ray model geometric optics b wave model physical optics c photon model quantum optics 2. The distance between successive wave fronts is the wavelength. Understanding how light rays can be manipulated allows us to create better contact lenses, fiber optic cables, and high powered telescopes. The authors derived the experience for writing this book from years of teaching optics geometric and physical at chukwuemeka odumegwu ojukwu university formerly anambra state university. Geometric optics phet lab answer key pdf a solution to get the problem off, have you found it. But we had learnt all waves have common characteristic properties such as.
Physical optics lecture notes pdf 44p download book. The frequency stays the same as the wave travels from one medium to the other v. All of geometric optics can be based on fermats principle. Geometric optics 1 wave fronts and rays point source a wave front is a surface passing through points of a wave that have the same phase and amplitude geometric optics the ray approximation light travels in a straightline path in a homogeneous medium until it encounters a boundary between two different media the ray approximation is used to represent. Nasa goddard photo and video, via flickr learning objectives 25. If you capture sunlight in a mirror or lens you can feel the heat where the sunlight is reflectedrefracted as a real image but you cannot feel the heat where the sunlight is. Geometrical optics, or ray optics, is a model of optics that describes light propagation in terms of rays. The wave fronts are spherical, and the direction of motion of the wave is perpendicular to the wave front, as depicted in figure. Download principles of geometric optics university of california. Towards the end of this book, there is a comprehensive bibliography of books and a few. Firstorder optics a thirdorder optics, aberrations b higherorder approximations 3. As what we refer, geometric optics phet lab answer key has several motives for you to pick as one of the sources. What is the difference between physical optics and. Sep 28, 2008 geometric and wave optics are two different ways of looking at the phenomenon of light propogation.
This wave characteristic is most prominent when the wave interacts with an object that is not large compared with the wavelength. In wave optics, image formations are understood as a diffraction effect by image forming devices such as a convex lens. The light ray in geometrical optics is an instrument which is used to approximate models of how a light will propagate. In this context, it is an intermediate method between geometric optics, which ignores wave effects, and full wave electromagnetism, which is a precise theory.
The simplest way to describe light is in terms of rays. Workshop tutorials for biological and environmental physics wr1b. All books are in clear copy here, and all files are secure so dont worry about it. Read online principles of geometric optics university of california. In this video i use the concepts of idea, based on the alarm matrix, to help structure students responses. Interference is observed for water waves, sound waves, light waves, and as we will see inspecial relativity for matter waves, such as electrons scattered from a crystal.
Geometric and wave optics by introduce the basic principles of geometric and wave optics and appreciate the usefulness of these principles to make our life simpler and convenient. An opensource web application to simulate reflection and refraction of light. Within the disc, there are different types of walls, as students play with the disks by listening and making any other observations, they can try to infer the shape of the walls. Stephani 7 discussed the position of images by a spherical gravitational lens evaluating the poynting flux of scattered wave at an observer. Light and geometric optics big ideas light has characteristics and properties that can be manipulated by mirrors and lenses for a range of uses. It focuses primarily on the wave and ray descriptions of light, but also includes a brief introduction to the quantum description of light.
Geometric optics download ebook pdf, epub, tuebl, mobi. Find materials for this course in the pages linked along the left. Then you come to the chapter on wave optics, and you are told that light travels as a wave, that it can bend around objects, it can diffract and interfere, etc. When light interacts with smaller objects, it has very prominent wave characteristics, such as constructive and destructive interference. Huygens principle can be used to derive the law of reflection and the law of refraction. Given all the source of visible radiations parameters, all the apparatus, instruments, screen, etc, specifications, how can i know if, e. All these are nothing but the applications of the wave optics. Wave optics every one of us uses the camera to click photographs, we use sunglasses when we walk out of our house during daytime, also in our car, we have a mirror of a film.
Mystery boxes are small discs that contain a small ball bearing. Wave optics and image formation in gravitational lensing. Very comprehensive, with files, videos, full lesson plans, with explanations. As the wave propagates, let us assume in the positive x direction, any point on the wave pattern is displaced by dx in. Geometrical optics a light source emits light uniformly in all directions of the three.
Damped oscillations when the object is allowed to oscillate in air it takes a long time to stop, and the amplitude decreases very slowly. Fermats principle is the basis of geometrical optics which ignores the wave nature of. A referred will be chosen to acquire the exact ways of how you make the deal of the situation. How is the geometric optics approximation exactly defined. Optics physics pdf geometric optics practice problems. Archimedes and other ancient greek thinkers made original contributions but we mention here heron of alexandria c. Wave optics theory and 3d deconvolution for the light. Read and download ebook geometric optics phet lab answer key pdf at public ebook librarygeometric optics phet lab answ. Why is geometric optics the low wavelength limit of the wave theory of light. And the geometric optics phet lab answer key is one book that we really recommend you to read, to get more solutions in solving this problem.
Geometric optics approximation validity physics forums. If we restrict the analysis to paraxial rays only, then. Geometrical optics can be treated as the limiting case of wave optics when size of obstacle is very much large as compared to wavelength of light under such conditions the wave nature of light can be ignored and light can be assumed to be travelling in straight line rectilinear propagation. Geometric optics is when we treat light as a single beam a ray and study the properties. Electromagnetism and optics a complete set of lecture notes for a lowerdivision undergraduate electromagnetism and optics course. Light rays tend to bend at the interface of two different medium where re\fractive index changes.
Geometrical optics for over 100 years, from the time of newton and huygens in the late 1600s, until 1801 when thomas young demonstrated the wave nature of light with his two slit experiment, it was not clear whether light consisted of beams of particles as proposed by newton, or was a wave phenomenon as put forward by huygens. The ray in geometric optics is an abstraction useful for approximating the paths along which light propagates under certain circumstances. Physics of light and optics justin peatross michael ware brigham young university august 14, 2008. The method of geometrical optics will not solve all problems that involve light. Wave optics full chapter revision cbse 12th board physics. Fermats principle light propagating between two points follows a path, or paths, for which the time taken is an extremum minimum ignoring the wave nature of light basic theory for optical instruments geometrical optics revision. Pinhole camera wave optics geometric 12 fermats principle light propagating between two points follows a path, or paths, for which the time taken is an extremum minimum ignoring the wave nature of light basic theory for optical instruments geometrical optics revision geometric. Preface this book provides an introduction to the eld of optics from a physics perspective. Refraction, lens, vision, light, images, optics, index of refraction, principle rays, focal length. The ray in geometric optics defines the direction of propagation. The recorded light field can then be used to computationally. The course is an introduction to geometrical optics. In principle, ray tracing can help us to analyze image formation in any given optical system as the rays refract or reflect at all interfaces in the optical train. Society has benefited from the development of a range of optical devices and technologies.
Phet geometric optics refraction, lens, vision, light. Image seen as a result of reflection of light on a plane smooth surface. Geometric optics 1 wave fronts and rays point source a wave front is a surface passing through. The ray in geometric optics is an abstraction useful for approximating the paths along which light propagates under certain circumstances the simplifying assumptions of geometrical optics include that light rays. Jan 03, 2020 in physics, physical optics, or wave optics, is the branch of optics that studies interference, diffraction, polarization, and other phenomena for which the ray approximation of geometric optics. A upright, magnified and real b upright, the same size and virtual c inverted, demagnified and real d inverted, magnified and virtual. Symplectic geometry, well known as the basic structure of hamiltonian mechanics, is also the foundation of optics.
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